Minimum wages and unemployment level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minimum wages and unemployment level - Essay Example in the amount of minimum wage brings about reduction in the employment levels evidently seen with employment elasticity ranging from -0.1 to -0.2 amongst the teenagers and from -0.15 to -0.2 for the youths (Charles, 2002, p 89). Employers in a firm are bounded with the minimum wage law which is meant to prevent the employers from paying their employees rate below the minimum wage. This law is widely used in the present day countries. In UK and the USA, this law was only applicable to the women and the children. The extended use of the law was influenced by the period of the great depression. If the objective of the minimum wage was to ensure that employed achieved a worthy standard of living, then some provisions had to be made for those who are retrenched (Flinn, 2010, p58-62). During the imposition of the minimum wage by the responsible bodies, firms within that jurisdiction would not be permitted to pay less than what the responsible body mandates, for any service that they have received. For instance, this is when the governing body passes legislation that is meant to raise the wage bill from its initial of $6.72 per hour to $8.0 per hour. In line with the above minimum wages, at $8.0, supply of the labour service was 70,000 hours, but only 50,000 hours was what was in demand by the firms. Within a market with voluntary trade, the decisions of firms to hire its employees cannot be influenced with an external body, reason being the quantity of labour needed is normally established through the desire of the firm to buy but not the desire of the workers to sell (Joshua, 1999, p 123). Through the above discussion there is an assumption that, increasing the amount of minimum wage in a country, the number of employed individual would increase. In addition, there is an emerging possibility that everyone would be able to get a job. However, the number of hours that they initially worked would be reduced. Putting this case into consideration, there would be rise in

Lab organization and Management case study Essay

Lab organization and Management case study - Essay Example ization- test systems and test items; rules- standard operating procedures (SOPs) and etiquette; results- unrefined data, reporting and archiving; and quality assurance- autonomous examination of research activities (Agrawal et al, 2009, p.10). It is quite clear that employees at Best Pet Test Company filed to adhere to the best lab practices outlined in the GLP. For instance, Harold did not keep accurate records during his spell as the company’s lab safety manager. In addition, the lab employees used hand written labels to tag the urine sample because two of the three hand-held bar-code readers were not functioning properly. The results of tests carried on the samples were also inconsistent. Lab staff members were often seen in the mail room or lunch area wearing their lab coats. To make the matters worse, Rene (the new lab safety manager at the company) found a number of unlabeled bottles of chemicals cluttering the fume hoods. In the lab, some of the staff members testing blood samples had their morning coffee sitting next to a centrifuge. To cap it all, the local media published a story that laboratory waste with labels from Best Test, Inc. was discovered at an abandoned quarry nearby. The illustration above demonstrates the failure by the company to adhere to GLP standards. GLP regulations stipulate logical descriptions of the structure of the research institute and the duties of each research employee. This implies that Best Test Inc. chart should reveal the activities of the company which must be updated on a regular basis. Job descriptions and organizational charts reflect the manner in which the lab functions as well as the correlation between the various posts and departments. In addition, GLP guidelines emphasize that the number of laboratory staff must be adequate to carry out the required tasks in an efficient and GLP-compliant manner (Kumari & Bhatia, 2003, p.5). The duties of all lab employees should be clearly described and recorded. Their

The Motivation And Rewards Management Essay

The Motivation And Rewards Management Essay Motivation and rewards has been chosen as our topic for this assignment. Motivation and rewards is very important for any organization or even any industry. Motivation is a behavior that cannot be created but can be influence while rewards are something that the employees gained from doing a good job in their work (Thomas, 2009). AirAsia was the company that chosen for this assignment. AirAsia do implement the motivation and rewards in their company successfully. AirAsia is a low-cost airline business which had become more and more popular around the world. AirAsia was established on year 1993 and started its business in year 1996 (McNamara Troftgruben, n.d). Government owned corporation is the found of this company. AirAsia is the largest company that introducing pioneer of low-cost travel and largest low-fare and in Asia and they have their slogan which known as Now Everyone Can Fly. AirAsia is a successful example for other airline companies. It has been transformed as an unthinkable concept to be successful in airline industry. This success can be proved from a money-losing task to profitable. Although AirAsia introducing no-frills service to their customer and using second hand aircraft, but it would still be a threat for other Asia airline companies (Michael Swathe, 2011). AirAsia have a very good performance in consumer mind by offering low fares, majority on-time record for flights and maintaining staff with high productivity and work ethic. Based on the information in Indonesia Straits Times, it is stated that in August 2011, Malaysian Airline form an alliance with Air Asia but the agreement of both airlines were voided because the alliance was struck down by the Malaysian government. (Leslie Lopez, 2011) AirAsia now is a successful airline company which expand from 2 planes to 80 planes and from 200 000 passengers to over 75 million passengers in 7 years time. It is a visible success that we can see year by year. (McNamara, 2012) Content Motivation In management, motivation defined as a power to force someone to work in certain way so that it able to reach certain desired goal. As what people always said, motivated people always work harder as compare with those unmotivated people. According to Lavinsky (2012), a company should make the employees feel doing something meaningful. As a result of a survey done by BNET show that majority agrees doing something meaningful were the most motivating things about work. According to Lavinsky (2012), motivation is internal and external factors that inspire employee interest, in which they need to, listen, focus and understand employee needs and wants through an effective communication. A company manager should change the question from Whom to How. An example given by Lavinsky (2012), say How we can improved this process? rather than, Who screwed up this up? This action might able to motivate the employees so that they will be more careful for their work so that wont disappoint their company. To have motivated workers, a manager must treat workers as individual, empower employees, redesigning jobs, and provide a comfortable and flexible workplace. Below are the meaning of the effective management practices (Griffin, 2006) :- Effective management practices Description Empowering employees Empowering employees means that giving the individual in an organization authority, autonomy, trust and encouragement to complete their tasks. Redesigning jobs Redesigning jobs is one of the best motivations in the workplace. Usually individuals go to work every day doing the same routine. This makes the workers become less motivated. Something actually can be done by the managers to improve the condition before the employees become de-motivated and bored. The way that manager can use is job redesign. Concern and knowledge are required for managers and have them bring it with them to the organization and then apply motivational theories into their work to improve the productivity and satisfaction of the employees. Creating flexibility World nowadays is all about flexibility. People nowadays have too much things to take care of but they do not have enough time to do it. Employees value more about personal time. Due to the family needs, a traditional nine-to-five working hours every day except Sunday may not work for many people. Therefore, flexibility which let employees to control and set their own working hours is the best. In AirAsia point of view, they believe that their entire staff act as contributor for the company, therefore, they always been treated as a big family and equally. This is an example of empowering employees. The company will have constantly talked with their employee in order to understand their needs and wants. They will organized a monthly staff forum and create some fun programs to help them release their working stress. In the event, they also give employees an opportunity to speak out their point of view towards their working place (McNamara, 2012). According to Zhu (2010), even though the salaries gave to employees were low, but all employees were giving broad range of incentives. Such as, share offers stock options, productivity and performance-based bonus. Those motivations may give employees sense of ownership and it able to improve in effective and focused workforce. Despite that, Airasia employees are able to perform in multiple roles in flat organizational structure because the airline has implemented a flexible work rules (Zhu, 2010). This can be an example of creating flexibility. Flight attendants also can be work at check-in counter. They can change to different department after they work for one month. By doing this, the employees wont be bored to working in the same area. Flexibility will motivate the employees to work harder because they are happy with all the flexible rules given and thus, they can gain more experiences in that industry. Even though AirAsia always try to minimize their expenses cost, but they are very determined on employee work ethic. Therefore, AirAsia always provided their employees the best training and ensure that they are happy in their working place. (Foo, 2012) This can be called as redesigning jobs. As a result, AirAsia gets to establish a numbers of quality and excellence employees because the employees are sa tisfied with their jobs that are always fresh to them. Reward A reward is a scheme to support desirable behavior. Rewards can be in terms of financial and non-financial. Example of financial reward is bonus pay and example of non-financial reward is degree of achievement, opportunity to growth or even praise from the top management or manager for doing a good job. Reward is different from motivation. Reward is something that the worker or employees gain from putting effort in their jobs while motivation is something that they need to have in order to put more effort in their jobs. Intrinsic and extrinsic are the two types of rewards that can motivate employees. (Mcrill, n.d ). Types of rewards Description Intrinsic rewards Intrinsic rewards are self-administrated. An intrinsic reward refers to the motivation that comes from inside of an individual rather than from any outside rewards such as bonus, gifts and so on. It is an outcome that gives an individual personal satisfaction such as an experience after completing a job, professional growth and sense of pleasure. The individual will feel good because he or she have the feeling of learning and achieving something which can be also called as personal development. Besides that, the individual will also have the feeling of competency and self-control over her work. The motivational stimulus in intrinsic do not depends on the actions of other people. People always trust that the most powerful rewards come from a persons inside. Extrinsic rewards Extrinsic rewards are externally administrated. Extrinsic rewards are usually can be seen like financial in nature. For example, an increase in wages, special assignments or incentives for reaching some quota. In addition, extrinsic rewards can be also as simple as getting a verbal compliments, public recognition, and awards for achieving something, promotions and some other extra responsibility. The motivational stimulus in extrinsic depends on the actions of other people which is also opposite from the intrinsic rewards because it originates outside the individual. All those rewards are very important for most of the workers therefore the rewards can be motivating. They will feel they are valued or been appreciated. In every management, intrinsic reward is a must to be given to the employees. While in AirAsia, they have a very good relationship with their employees. Employees reward given by AirAsia is very worthy. Every year, some of the employees will be chosen to get free flights to different destinations if they do well in their jobs. They also provided up to 90% of discount for their employees on concession travel. This encourages employees to put more effort on their responsibility in order to get the rewards. Besides that, AirAsia awarding bonuses based upon each employees contribution to the company productivity, and expects to increase loyalty through its ESOS (Employee share awarding scheme) which will be available to all employees and it also may help employee to improve their performance. The groups management encourages open communication which creates a dynamic. AirAsia also awarding long service awards for their employees who work more than 10 years. Motivation and Rewards Although its mention above that reward is different from motivation, under some circumstances, reward able to build in motivation. In social psychological terms, it also referred as the hidden cost of rewards. According to Frey (n.d), he has using an economic concept to define this theory, which is bonus against effort. A purely price effect shown increase in bonus also can increase employee effort towards their work. In other word, motivation always link with reward. AirAsia do apply this in their management. Not only AirAsia, even other companies will do. Before they serve the customer, they do find many ways to satisfy the employees such as giving motivation and rewards. When the employees are satisfied and happy with the job, they will be more enjoying and run their tasks better. Thus, AirAsia customers will be treated in a better quality of service. Lastly, as what have discussed above, a financial or non-financial rewards might given by the company to their employee in order to motivate them to be more responsible towards their job. Example, AirAsia award bonuses to their employees based on their performance, so it is a kind of motivation that able motivate their employees to work harder in order to achieve the desired goal, which is to get the bonus. Findings Multiple roles performance of AirAsia in a flat organizational structure has the possibility as mentioned by Zhu (2010) which is to compromise the AirAsias production in the future as it evolves. The efficiency and the effectiveness on task maybe lowered when multiple tasks assign to the employee. This is because employee will feel de-motivated when the job scope assign to them is too wide for them to focus on the job. Besides that, too wide of job scope and multiple task assign to employee can lead to confusion on the job in the organization. Hence, this could possibly result in a low efficient state for the AirAsia as the organization trying to expand for a better growth and affecting the airlines productivity indirectly because the ability to perform is a short-term worthwhile competitive advantage due to over dependence on the employees (Zhu, 2010). http://business-strategy-competition.knoji.com/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-airasia/ Moreover, Air Asia receives a lot complaint from customers on their service (Solano, 2012). There are several complaints has been made from the Air Asia customers. Flight delays, unnecessary charge payment being conduct and not able to change the flight or get a refund when the customers could not make it on the booking date were some of the complaints that the customers made. There are also complaints like bad services from the staff that are in charge on the particular shift. Besides that, as what stated by Solano (2012), Air Asia did not have their own maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility. Therefore, if Air Asia continually received the same complaints and did not make any improvements on the spot, this would result the loss of customers and also the productivity of the company. As confidence and satisfaction levels of customers drop, it affects Air Asia profitability. http://prezi.com/w-ee64ceukic/airasia/ In addition, Air Asia has fast track promotion as what mentioned by the Malaysia Airline Families. Fast track promotion actually means that it is the fastest and most direct route to achievement. Malaysia Airline Families says that if an employee worked for Air Asia since 1997, his or her salary will still remained based on the last drawn salary as of year 1997. Last drawn salary is the last drawn monthly essential salaries which also includes the pension allowance. When the payment of salaries are below their expectations and no increment that is being awarded from year to year, this could lead employees to be de-motivated from working in the organizations. Despite that, they might plan to shift to the other company that provides them with increment that they think they should have it. (Malaysiairlinefamilies, 2013) http://airasiafamilies.wordpress.com/category/experiencing-bad-services-with-airasia/ However, Air Asias employees were not unionized as been stated by Zhu (2010).Air Asia policy was mainly focused on maximizing efficiency and productivity of the company. Besides that, Air Asia also tends to keep their staff costs at a consistent level with low-cost carrier industry standards. This means that the Air Asia employees were provided with a wide range of incentives. Even though salaries offered to the employees were lower than the salaries of their rivals, at least Air Asia still offer their employees with a wide range of incentives. This shows that Air Asia still give their employees some benefits. The awards being given to the employees are the performance-based bonuses (PBB), share offers, and stock options (Zhu, 2010). http://business-strategy-competition.knoji.com/strategic-actions-adopted-by-airasia/ Other than that, pilots in Air Asia were provided with some rewards or benefits to improve the flight operation. Air Asia adopted a sector pay policy. They can both keep flight and minimum their operating time. Besides that, flight sectors can be covered as many as possible within a day. Therefore, Air Asia adopted a sector pay rather than an hourly pay scale for their pilots. Moreover, Air Asia gets to cut down the number of cabin crew or can be said by saving on employees cost is because of the absence of the in-flight services (Zhu, 2010). This can be said as a method of minimizing organizational expenses. It is a trend in the global airline industry nowadays especially in the Air Asia. http://business-strategy-competition.knoji.com/strategic-actions-adopted-by-airasia/ Recommendation We highly recommend that the management of AirAsia should reconsider their training course for their employees and provide re-training if possible. According to Adams (1998), management training courses fail because they: (i) are too generalized; (ii) fail to meet the specific needs of trainees; and (iii) fail to take into personal characteristics such as age, educational back-ground, previous work experience and willingness to participate in training. Besides that, Analoui (1997) mentioned that considering the perceptions, personal interests, objectives and preferences of trainees could result in greater understanding of training objectives. Hence, employees will have a clearer view of the roles in performing a certain task and carry it out more effectively. Role perception is one of the MARS model component which affects employees voluntary behaviour and performance. The management can kill two birds with one stone by implementing it because it will increase the effectiveness and e fficiency of the management. For example, every actions performed by the employees is in the best interest of the company and not otherwise. Besides that, AirAsias management should also further improve on their organizational (affective) commitment in the workplace. Affective commitment is the employees emotion attachment to, identification with and involvement in a particular organization. In another word, affective commitment is a persons feeling of loyalty to the place where he or she works. First and foremost, organizational commitment can be boosted via organizational comprehension. This refers to the overall comprehension of the organization, including its strategic direction, social dynamics and physical layout. For instance, giving staff information and opportunities to keep up to date about organizational events, communicate with co-workers, discover what circulating in different parts of the organization and study about organizations history and future plans. Besides that, trust is the key to unlock employees loyalty. This refers to the positive expectations that one person has towards another person or group in situation involving risk. AirAsia should increase employees job security to enhance trust that employees have in the management and the employment relationship. Last but not least, Four-drive theory can be practically applied to the management of AirAsia. The theory explains the innate drivers to acquire, bond, learn and defend and that incorporates both emotions and rationality. Besides that, emotions play a central role in employee motivation. These drives create emotions, which represent the prime mover or source of effort of individual behaviour. The first recommendation is that the management of AirAsia should create a best workplace that helps employees to fulfil all four drives. Therefore, the management should provide sufficient rewards, learning opportunities, social interaction and so forth for all employees. The second recommendation is that fulfilment of the four drives must be kept in balance; that is, AirAsia should avoid too much or too little opportunity to fulfil each drive because the four drives counterbalance each other. For example, change and novelty in the workplace will ease the drive to comprehend but too much of it will initiate the drive to defend to such extent that employees become territorial and resistant to change. Thus, it is vital for the management to provide balanced opportunity to fully utilize it. Conclusion Air Asia as known by everyone that a successful and well established airline company not only in our country Malaysia but also in the world. There have many way to define the successful of this airline company, one of it is using the correct way to manage the company, and the way is motivation and rewards towards the company, all of that we had mentioned above. Everyone knows that human capital is important for a company, and the human capital of a company means is employee of one company. A motivated and rewarded employee can be a productive employee. A productive employee can be a very profitable employee. While employees that are de-motivated, they will become less productive, less creative, and this may cause less of an asset towards the company. Now more than ever, company needs motivated employees. When the employees become more productive, the company will also become more productive, while productivity of a company increase, the profit of a company will also increase. With th is the company will stay in the competitive business and ready to go conquer the world. In this assignment, we have learned much of things, one of it is motivation and rewards are a good corporate culture that will direct a company to a successful way. Furthermore although Air Asia is a successful and well established airline company, it also may have some weaknesses that we mentioned in the findings part, but that is not a problem. We just need to find out the way to solve the problem. By this a company just can continue leading in the industry and unscathed in this kind of we call it competitive and cruel business world.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart :: Music Musician

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was probably the greatest genius in the world. He was born in Salzberg, Austria on January 27, 1756. The son of Leopold Mozart and his wife Anna Maria Pertl. Leopold was a successful composer and violinist. At the age of three, Wolfgang showed signs of remarkable musical talent. He learned to play the harpsichord, a keyboard instrument related to the piano, at the age of four. Wolfgang began composing minuets at the age of five. When he was only six years old, he and his older sister, Anna Maria, embarked on a series of concert tours to Europe’s courts and major cities. They played for the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa at her court in Vienna in 1762. Both children played the keyboard, but Wolfgang became a violin virtuoso as well. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart has be stated the greatest music composer to ever live. He and his sister were both gifted child prodigies. The gift of music came so natural o Mozart that he could distinguish notes when blindfolded. He also had the gift of â€Å"perfect pitch.† His first opera was performed when he was eleven years old. It would only take him about two weeks to write an entire symphony or concerto. There are not many composers who can do an entire piece in such little time. He wrote twenty seven piano concerti. Mozart gave a series of twenty two piano concerts and conducted a few of them in a five week period. After his father Leopold died he became very depressed and his music turned dark and depressing. I find him to be a genius because he could compose music from his soul Mozart composed for several different genres, writing many different types of music such as concertos, symphonies, and German style operas to name a few.

Green Building Eco Friendly Fruit Juice Factory Environmental Sciences Essay

BOI approved an eco friendly fruit juice mill which has planned to construct within Green Building Concept making with LEED/ GBCSL Platinum rate award in Monaragala City of Sri Lanka. Investor Mr. S.A. Siriwardan is a successful reputed man of affairs in Sri Lanka. The site extent is about 10 estates confronting the River within available good natural environmental resorts. The TEAMS adviser ( Pvt ) Ltd has appointed for this undertaking to plan and Build and besides LEED adviser. This study consist entirely considered indispensable keys steps such as, Given below are the methods used ;Minimal Disturbance to ecologyUnder this subject will be covered that how to minimise perturbation to ecology, such as Erosions and Sedimentation Control, Site Selection, Alternative Transportation, Reduce Site Disturbance, Storm Water Design, Heat Island Effect, Light Pollution Reduction, Water Efficient Landscaping, Water Use Reduction, Regional Materials etc.Energy EfficiencyParticularly consider here to explicate increased Energy Efficiency based on 100 % biogas what is Biogas and in add-ons such as, Minimum Energy Performance, Controllability of Systems ( light and thermic control ) etc.Waste H2O and solid waste directionExpect here to explicate sustainable waste H2O and solid waste direction system during the building and mill to implement within certain cardinal step such as, Waste H2O, and Solid waste direction.Hygienic environmentExpect here to explicate proper hygienic environment status to implement for plants and mill under green construc t. This study decision will be to identified/ understands through all accomplishment under green construct ; A sustainable long-last mill, Economically satisfaction, Environmental friendly, Employer satisfaction, Any investors can follow up to better or lift-up their mill concern, Significant aid to economic system development and tourer attractive force, villagers satisfaction and occupation chance to them when sustain.Table OF CONTENTExecutive SUMMERY 2 a ) Minimum Disturbance to ecology 2 B ) Energy Efficiency 2 degree Celsius ) Waste H2O and solid waste direction 2 vitamin D ) Hygienic environment 2 Table OF CONTENT 4 Introduction 5 1. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 1.1.What is green constructing construct? 6 1.2. How does it use? 6 1.3.Minimum Perturbation to ecology 6 1.3.1.Erosions and Sedimentation Control 6 1.3.2.Site Selection and Reduce Site Disturbance 7 1.3.3.Alternative Transportation 8 1.3.4.Storm Water Design 9 1.3.5.Heat Island Effect 9 1.3.6.Light Pollution Reduction 9 1.3.7.Water Efficient 10 1.3.8.Regional Materials 10 1.4. Energy Efficiency 11 1.4.1.What is energy efficiency? 11 1.4.2.What are alternate energy alcoholics and What is Biogas? 11 1.4.3.How does Biogas use to the mill? 12 1.4.4.Minimum Energy Performance 13 1.5.Waste H2O and solid waste direction 13 1.6. Hygienic environment 14 2.CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION 15 3.REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRHAPY 16 4.WORD COUNT 16IntroductionMr. S.A Siriwardan is one of the successful refuted local investor BOI approved ; He intends to put a Fruit Juice Manufacturing Factory in Sri Lanka. Particularly his purpose is to construct the new mill based on green Building construct making with LEED/ GBCSL Platinum rate award. The site extend is approximative around 10 estates faces a River within available good natural environmental resorts, such as valuable trees and exuberant grazes, quality river H2O, uninterrupted daytime and public transit system, and besides adult male operate traditional vas service to traverse the Riva. The TEAMS adviser ( Pvt ) Ltd has appointed for this undertaking to plan and Build and I, A. Prasantha work as the Lead adviser articulation with their design squad. This study consist entirely see indispensable keys step, such as ‘Minimize perturbation to bing ecology ‘ , ‘100 % biogas for addition energy efficiency ‘ , ‘Waste H2O intervention and solid waste direction ‘ and ‘Completely hygienic environment ‘ . Expect to cover here few indispensable key concern, such as ‘Increase the efficiency of H2O ‘ ( rain H2O storage armored combat vehicle for healthful and landscaping intent ) , ‘Energy ‘ ( Biogas for 100 % energy, natural visible radiation, heat decrease, alternate bulbs led bulb ) and ‘Materials ‘ ( utilizing by native bamboo, doodly-squat, coconut trees lumbers, regional stuff river sand, eco bricks, cement stabilizer crushed rock roads, no picture, eco plaster etc. ) , ‘Waste and blow H2O direction system ‘ ( biogas waste, landscaping waste, and mill waste as fertiliser ) with nothing emanation to protect the bing environment conditions and worker satisfaction ( encouragement, transport shuttle service ) , those proposal have considered to construct mentioning to the conditions and ordinances which are related authorities institutes. Besides minimal perturbation to the native peoples and building procurance based on ICTAD status of c ontract, eventually by above proposed green construct characteristics Mr. Client will derive long term and short term attractive benefits, such as high quality environmental friendly production and net income, employer satisfaction, sustainability of the investing for long last life.MATERIALS AND METHODSWhat is green constructing construct?Harmonizing to the Green edifice Council Sri Lanka Publication ( GBCSL 2010 ) noted, The construct of â€Å" Green Buildings † purposes at increasing the efficiency with which edifices use resources such as energy, H2O and stuffs while cut downing the impact of edifices on human wellness and its environing environment during its lifecycle, through better design, building, operation, care and remotion and recycling of waste.How does it use?Expect to discuses utile methods and proposals within four types of cardinal steps such as, ‘Minimum perturbation to ecology ‘ , ‘Energy ‘ , ‘Waste H2O and Solid waste directi on, Hygienic environment ‘ .Minimal Disturbance to ecologyWorld house lifecycle retain based on all activities of nature. Any perturbations happen due to human activity. Final results will be unanticipated natural catastrophe. We should be carefully sing this characteristic when design and concept the mill to cut down perturbation to ecology. Bellow mentioned characteristics are the peculiarly consider to success the purpose.Erosions and Sedimentation ControlHarmonizing to the leedsuser publication noted, ( Leeduser.com/credit/NC-2009/SSp1, GREEN SL AP ) Need to command dirt eroding and to minimise negative impacts of waterway deposit and airborne dust coevals such as, prevent loss of dirt during building, shut off deposit of storm cloaca or having rivulets or air pollution with dust and peculiar affair. Harmonizing to the site lift and bing status found, such as land lift is below 30 grade and run into river bank at land terminal, available native trees, following methods need to implement to accomplish the purpose. Rock ridges utilizing available bowlders to forestall dirt erodings, Gabion walls to protect river bank, Rock lay down through the of course form storm H2O smugglers. Stormwater measure control with the usage of big stormwater detainment ponds to forestall overflow from the site. Form intermediate ditches to command flow of storm H2O. Water distributing method to forestall signifier dust during the building period. Expose stuffs need to cover, Ex. Bricks, Cements, sand and dry dirt can be covered utilizing coconut trees subdivisions or hana mats. . Avoid waste H2O disposal straight to the land or river, Avoid unneeded digging and Earth film editing. Identify and design proper landscape gardening utilizing bing trees. Followed up Erosion and deposit programs UDA issued. In add-on, survey tea plantation land eroding and deposit control methods. Used methods for storm H2O control ( Tea plantation institute Sri Lanka, P.01 )Site Selection and Reduce Site DisturbanceWhen consider following indispensable records and dirges at design phase ; undertaking will accomplish sustain green construct. Obtain/ follow-up Site and location analysis study which is prepared by propositional organic structure. District secretarial office records ; mentioning to the no inundation consequence occurred, non used for agricultural activates and no particular wild life wonts etc. No any other public acquisition refers to the issued LRC license. ( see fond regards ) Need to Follow-up above circumstance to accomplish the purpose, eventually can gain points for the green evaluation. Reduce Site Disturbance ; Existing natural countries to be conserved and to supply home ground and promote biodiversity need to reconstruct damaged countries. As Identified to be conserved countries, River bank, native trees and species, such as, bamboo, Aticks braid, Existing trees along boundary of the land non necessary to take. Besides protect gravel entree route north E and west side, when harm during the building period or any other consequence. Public storm H2O overflow drains through the site, These needed to protect and reconstruct as stated.Alternate Transportation systemUnder this subject purpose is to cut down pollution and fuel cost from car usage here, therefore identified cardinal masseurs as follows, Extensive usage of bikes to cut down emanations created by utilizing vehicles for transit. Native public transit system ; such as Paru service ( ferry ) , surely this is the valuable construct for workers, since river situated towards to the chief route ( Ferry is has made out of treated lumber without motor engine. This is the really common traditional method ) Since this is 10 estates land, recommend to set up building workers impermanent huts and factory lasting staff quarts in side of the land at corner side to avoid car transit and to salvage work clip. Supply a shuttle service from site to public transit Stationss, such as train station, bus terminus.Storm Water DesignWhen design, storm H2O system need due concern for increasing on site infiltration, by cut downing imperviable screen for limit break of natural H2O hydrology. Besides pollution of natural H2O flows by pull offing storm H2O overflow. Methods and systems have been discussed under eroding and deposit direction. Within above reference methods under eroding and deposit control and in add-on, Storm H2O can be used for irrigation.Heat Island EffectTo cut down heat islands consequence, to be concerned to minimise impact for microclimate, human and wildlife home ground. Avoid difficult landscape gardening system, such as cement rock pavement, asphalt roads or pathway, auto park steel screen roof. Use cement dirt stabilizer proficient methods for rods or pathway. Clay tiles or bricks for pavement, Grass screens for parking countries or exposed garden to cut down heat contemplation. Existing trees can be used to cut down heat consequence. When design phase to be concerned for selected trees use cut down heat consequence. Solar contemplation should be minimal 75 % of roof surface stuff, low roof incline design, steep-sloped type roof. Certain roof country demand covered by grass at least 50 % of entire roof country.Light Pollution DecreaseMinimize light trespass from edifices, to be concerned cut down sky-glow ( increase dark sky entree ) , glare decrease, and nocturnal environments perturbation by development impact. Particularly to be concederd here, Reduce the unneeded garden security visible radiations, Use low Watts bulbs to cut down high power brightness spreaders Traditional †coppara † lamps can utilize for garden visible radiation, street visible radiation, chief gate visible radiation expect security intent visible radiation,Water EfficientUnder the H2O efficiency incensement, there are direct benefits such as, protection of environment, cost nest eggs, Water Efficient Landscaping/ Water Use Reduction Native workss used for the landscape to minimise the installing of a lasting irrigation system. Landscape interior decorator to place local or adaptative works species that require small irrigation, to plan water-efficient irrigation systems, to turn to the possible usage of non-potable H2O Water-use decrease is a important component for whole undertaking to accomplish green construct points. Select low capacity cistern H2O cupboards, urinals, lavatory spigots, shower. Existing H2O lights-outs of lavatories and canteens and remainder suites, and urinals to be fitted with detectors type. Training should be arranged for staff get to understand sing H2O efficiency. Rain H2O collect and shop for usage healthful service, landscape demands.Regional MaterialsIdentified available stuffs in this country are bamboo lumber, brick, and sand debriss, ruddy crushed rock dirt demand to utilize them for decrease transit emanation, cut down cost of the undertaking, and as economically aid for rural trades. Cement-stabilized-earth paseos and roads Location stuff accounted for 40 % of stuff used for building. Encouragement of rural bargainers when used their productions and sell.Energy EfficiencyWhat is energy efficiency?Harmonizing to the definition of California Center for Sustainable Energy noted ( California Center, 2012 ) , Energy efficiency is the greatest nest eggs and public presentation obtained through an incorporate design procedure ( peculiarly for new building ) . Common countries of focal point include: energy efficiency can assist ; Operating Costss decrease, Lower Care Costss, increase of Productivity & A ; minimising employee absenteeism, increase of production sale, diminishing edifice waste watercourses, Increase of market recycled content stuffs, enhance of environmental quality & A ; diminishing pollution.What are alternate energy alcoholics and What is Biogas?These are few identified important methods in the universe as renewable energy. Biogas Solar Power Wind stat mis Sea tide Particularly here intended to proposed biogas system to implement for needed 100 % energy. Biogas Harmonizing to the probe of Dicla Training Centre noted ( 2008-2012, Dicla Training Centre ) , Biogas is of course produced when any organic affair decomposes under anaerobiotic conditions ( in the absence of O ) . The gas consists chiefly of methane ( CH4 ) and C dioxide ( CO2 ) in about 3:2 ratios. Methane is the of import constituent, as it is a extremely flammable gas that can be utilized as fuel for cookery, illuming, H2O warmers and, if the sulfur is removed, it can be used to run biogas-fuelled generators to bring forth electricity.How does Biogas use to the mill?Identified waste stuffs, to merchandise 100 % power for the mill are, Fruit juice Production waste ( Fruits wastages ) Landscaping and garden maintained wastages, Canteen and kitchen wastages. Sewage, Advantages: Produces methane gas that can be used for, Cooking intents, Generate electricity, Water warming. It prevents methane gas from come ining the ambiance ( methane gas is 20 times more harmful to the environment than CO2 ) It produces organic compost as waste merchandise ( in liquid, slurry or solid signifier ) Biogases produce diagram, ( Dicla Training Centre, p12 ) Within accomplishing sustainable energy efficiency can acquire economically and environmental benefits.Minimum Energy PerformanceAchieve increasing energy public presentation demand concern when design phase as follows reference standards ; Avoid CFC bring forthing equipments include to plan. Verify and guarantee that the full edifice is designed, constructed, and calibrated to run as intended. In add-on proposed to increase energy efficiency, Hot H2O demand made available with a heat recovery system used in air-conditioning Energy metres installed to supervise nest eggs at regular intervals. Energy efficient lighting and LED based undertaking visible radiations cut down the energy used for illuming. low energy chilling systems The usage of eco bricks in building to assist keep a cool inside.Waste H2O and solid waste directionUnder this subject expect to suggest following methods to derive sustainable waste direction system to make the end when implement during the building and mill operations. Waste H2O ; Identified as waste H2O in this undertaking are, Factory disposal H2O, dining and kitchen disposal H2O, Toilet and bathroom disposal H2O, Air conditional machine disposal H2O, biogas generator disposal H2O, vehicle rinsing bay disposal H2O, Construction of a waste H2O intervention works and usage of treated H2O for irrigation intents in the dry season. Particularly non to be diverted any waste H2O in to the river or public roads, land, privet lands or belongings. Waste storage constructed to promote storage and segregation of recyclables. Solid waste direction ; Fruits merchandise waste during the mill functioning period, building waste, landscaping waste, biogas waste, sewage, canteen, kitchen etc. 70 % of building waste diverted to landfill, Such as extra excavated dirt, timber off cuts and roots, tree subdivisions, and balance of lumber. Reinforcement waste, removed trees, valuable stuff which are remained after the building ; those shall used for propose impermanent hut, auto park security huts etc. Construct storm H2O retains, retaining walls, debriss pave through storm H2O drains to cut down eroding utilizing extra stuffs. As identified excavated ruddy crushed rock dirt due to foundation digging and Earth film editing ; can be used for doing cement dirt stabilizer brick, plaster and roads surface. Need to supply proper rubbish bins for plastic, paper, floras, steel, such as used wooden box received machinery, building stuff. Biogas waste straight to be used as fertiliser for fruits works in above proposed, landscape militant, In add-ons, extra waste can be used for compost production ; hence it can be usage for landscaping plants and fruit planting. Besides design shall follow harmonizing to the regulations and ordinance of urban council.Hygienic environmentPeoples need healthy, safety and comfy life for obtain a sustainable productiveness, therefore necessary to concern following cardinal points to increase proper hygienic environment under the green construct, To be concerned to better indoor air quality by extra outdoor air airing system. Implement regulations for fume prohibit in side of the edifice and supply designated smoking country at least 10m off from Windowss, doors, out-of-door air consumption, and common country inside the edifice. Install lasting monitoring systems for provide feedback on airing system public presentation. Monitor CO2 concentrations within countries. Indoor air contaminations measure needs to cut down ( odorous, irritating, and harmful ) . Supply a comfy thermic environment Promote societal authorization, community engagement and entree. Besides demand to see minimise unneeded sound which is generated from building equipments. All proposals have considered in regard to the conditions and ordinances which are related authorities institutes. Besides minimal perturbation to the native peoples and building procurance based on ICTAD status of contract ; through the above proposed green construct characteristics Mr. Client will derive long term and short term attractive benefits.CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONUltimately study comes to decisions which are identified/ understand within study. All achievement under green construct ; Client have satisfactory addition within a sustainable mill of long-lasting, Economically satisfaction. Environmental friendly. Employer satisfaction and good encouragement to work. Other investor can follow up to improved or lift-up their mill concern. Country wise will hold important aid to economic system development. Tourist attractive force and usage for publicity. Villagers satisfaction and occupation chance to them when sustain. And besides this study recommends a new solar works for mill energy if any dislocation to biogas system, Education and developing coder which is related to production, needs to implement, and authorities should go to to encourage/ spread this construct all around state.REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRHAPYhypertext transfer protocol: //energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-definition, www.diclatraining.com www.anaerobic-digestion.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leeduser.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.srilankagbc.orgWORD COUNTWord count 2565 No ‘s ( Excludes front page, Executive Summery, Table of content, Reference & A ; Bibliography )

Informative Outline (Anxiety)

Introduction I. Think about a time when your breathing quickened, your muscles tensed, and your heart pounded with a sudden sense of dread. II. Was it when your car almost went off the road from the rain? Or maybe when your teacher announced you had a test? III. Anytime you face wheat seems to be a serious threat to your well-being, you may react with the state of immediate alarm known as fear. IV. You may not always be able to pinpoint a specific cause for your alarm, but still you feel tense and edgy. V.I’m going to inform you all on what it’s like to live a day in a person’s life who has anxiety disorder. VI. Thesis: There are a few things you should know to truly be able to understand someone who has anxiety disorder: A. What anxiety is. B. Symptoms of anxiety C. The causes of anxiety D. The effects of anxiety E. Treatments for anxiety Body I. Anxiety is usually defined as a vague sense of being in danger. A. It has the same features as fear; including increa se in breathing, muscular tension, perspiration, and so forth. B.Sometimes anxiety keeps people on their toes meaning; we may drive more cauciously in a storm, pay attention to due date more, and leaving your house in enough time to be where you need to be a little early. C. However, some people experience such disabling fear and anxiety that they cannot lead a normal life. 1. Their discomfort is severe which sometimes last too long or is triggered easily. 2. These are people who are said to have anxiety disorder. D. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in the United States. transition; People with generalized anxiety disorder experience constant worry. ) II. Because each person has a unique chemical make up; the type number, intensity, and frequency of anxiety symptoms will vary from person to person. A. Symptoms of anxiety; feel restless, keyed up, or on edge; tire easily; have difficulty concentrating; suffer from muscle tension; and have sleep problems. 1. The symptoms last at least six months. 2. Usually it appears in adolescence or childhood. 3. Women diagnosed with the disorder out-number men 2 to 1. . Studies have found that people in highly threatening environments are indeed more likely to develop this disorder. a. For example months and even years following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the rate of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety disorders were twice as high of residents who lived through the disaster than people who lived elsewhere. B. Other anxiety symptoms are described as being like a hypochondriac in other words have constant worry over: 1. Having a heart attack. 2. Having a serious undetected illness. 3.Losing control of thoughts or actions. 4. And being alone. C. It’s not uncommon with anxiety disorder to also suffer from depression or vice versa. Nearly one half of those diagnosed with anxiety are also diagnosed with depression. (transition; With anxiety disorder some people can hold a job and function so cially, where others can’t even leave their homes. ) I. The exact cause of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is unknown however, evidence that biological factors, family background, and life experiences, particularly stressful ones, play a role.A. Anxiety could be genetically inherited or also something that we create. B. Parents can also mentally cause or pass their own anxiety on by the ways they have raised you and the way they have taught you to interact with the world. (transition; Only about 1/3 of those suffering seek treatment. ) I. While medications and other therapies reduce symptoms and help diminish anxiety, we shouldn’t consider it a cure. A. Learning what anxiety is, what it does to the mind and body, and more importantly, what you can do to eliminate it IS the cure. B.Anxiety is a condition that has the potential to return again and again unless you receive the proper information, help, and support from your loved ones. 1. Knowledge is the power to reco very. C. Relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga, exercise, and other alternative treatments may also become part of the treatment plan. 1. If you have co-occurring conditions such as anxiety and depression it should also be treated appropriately. (transition; 40 million adults ages 18 and older suffer from this disorder making it the most common mental illness in the United States.Conclusion I. I am one who experiences this disorder. A. Because I do experience this disorder, I understand it intimately. B. If you have any questions about your anxiety it can be helpful to not only talk with a therapist but also to someone who has actually experienced the disorder because we aren’t going to be stumped, or puzzled by your symptoms and you don’t have to feel embarrassed. II. I hope after learning more about Generalized Anxiety Disorder you can use the information I provided to help and support someone you know that is experiencing this terrible disorder.

Configuration of Ob-Scertainer Essays

Configuration of Ob-Scertainer Essays Configuration of Ob-Scertainer Paper Configuration of Ob-Scertainer Paper There were many me thuds used to achieve this goal, At first, just moved the ball around the outer edges tooth Abstainer. This proved to be successful for my initial hypotheses is, hut as did my retests, I tried a different method that got me a new picture. Instead adjust rolling the ball around the outer path, moved the ball north and south or east or west. This revealed new findings. There may have been walls o r partitions in the middle, and not just jutting out from the sides. A prime exam pile of this would be Abstainer In my initial hypothesis, you can see I h apotheosized that there were no obstacles inside of the Abstainer. When I performed a retest, I used my new method of moving the ball across, and not just around. I discovered a partition right in the middle of the Obstetrician re. Had not explored this new way of doing this, this piece of information IV loud not have been recorded. I spent the most time on Abstainer #12. The is is because I found that it was empty. Had to be sure no Obstacles were m issued, like my hypothesis for #3. Abstainers 43 and 12 were difficult and t k longer time because Of the partitions located in the middle Of #3 and the emptiness of #12. Another important method that was used to get a picture would be deter mining whether a wall in the Abstainer was curved or straight, I ran the ball along a us specter wall and a straight wall gave off a rigid noise while a curved line, o r the edge of the Abstainer, made a smoother sound. This also holds true e for the way it felt in my hand. My determination of Abstainer #1 went t two different ways until I came to the actual model. Gore my hypothesis, I thought it was just one straight line. For my retest, I heard a smooth sound. TO come to an actual model, tested again and found the ball hit a stop at the middle. Instead of a single straight line or single curved, came to NON straight lines. For Abstainer #10 1 heard all rigid sounds that had greatly suggested a square. A first test did with all Abstainers was attempt to roll the ball fast oar undo the edge, to check for walls or partitions. For #12, I immediately knew there were no outer walls or partitions because was able to roll the ball around thee utter path at a fast pace. This method will immediately tell you if an Abstainer has a distinct wall or p irritation. Abstainer #9 couldnt have the ball roll smooth y because it had small walls jutting out from the walls of the Abstainer. I also spent much time on Abstainer It got difficult when you had a shape, not just a wall, coming out from the side. I had to be precise to get a n accurate reading, In my hypothesis, knew there was a shape in the Obscener inner, but it was a general reading, which only got me a standard shape. When tested again, I was very careful to get a more precise reading. Covered the Geiger was rigid but also found a little partition across from it. For Bobs certain #8, knew there was a definite partition. For my initial hypothesis, suspected it consisted of a single curved line and a single straight one. For m retests, studied it longer to find it consisted Of three straight lines. In my r tests of all the Abstainers, was able to study it longer, leading to more accurate readings. So unds and feelings were more distinct after first predict ions. After developing new methods after series of hypotheses, the insides of Abstainers became clearer.

Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehin the Civil War

Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehin the Civil War Adolph von Steinwehr - Early Life: Born at Blankenburg, Brunswick (Germany) on September 25, 1822, Adolph von Steinwehr was a member of a long-standing military family.   Following in these footsteps, which included a grandfather who had fought in the Napoleonic Wars, Steinwehr entered the Brunswick Military Academy.   Graduating in 1841, he received a commission as a lieutenant in the Brunswick Army.   Serving for six years, Steinwehr grew dissatisfied and elected to move to the United States in 1847.   Arriving at Mobile, AL, he found employment as an engineer with the US Coastal Survey.   As the the Mexican-American War was underway, Steinwehr sought a position with a combat unit but was declined.   Disappointed, decided to return to Brunswick two years later with his American-born wife, Florence Mary. Adolph von Steinwehr - The Civil War Begins: Again finding life in Germany not to his liking, Steinwehr permanently immigrated to the United States in 1854.   Initially settling in Wallingford, CT, he later moved to a farm in New York.   Active in the German-America community, Steinwehr proved well-placed to raise a largely German regiment when the Civil War began in April 1861.   Organizing the 29th New York Volunteer Infantry, he was commissioned as the regiments colonel in June.   Reporting to Washington, DC that summer, Steinwehrs regiment was assigned to Colonel Dixon S. Miles division in Brigadier General Irvin McDowells Army of Northeastern Virginia.   In this assignment, his men took part in the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21.   Held in reserve during much of the fighting, the regiment later helped cover the Union retreat.    Noted as a competent officer, Steinwehr received a promotion to brigadier general on October 12 and orders to assumed command of a brigade in Brigadier General Louis Blenkers division in the Army of the Potomac.   This assignment proved short-lived as the Blenkers division was soon transferred to western Virginia for service in Major General John C.  Frà ©monts Mountain Department.   In the spring of 1862, Steinwehrs men took part in operations against Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons forces in the Shenandoah Valley.   This saw them defeated at Cross Keys on June 8.   Later in the month, Steinwehrs men were moved east to help form Major General Franz Sigels I Corps of Major General John Popes Army of Virginia.   In this new formation, he was elevated to lead the Second Division.   Ã‚      Adolph von Steinwehr - Divisional Command: In late August, Steinwehrs division was present at the Second Battle of Manassas though was not heavily engaged.   Following the Union defeat, Sigels corps was ordered to remain outside of Washington, DC while the bulk of the Army of the Potomac moved north in pursuit of General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia.   As a result, it missed the Battle of South Mountain and Antietam.   During this time, Sigels force was re-designated XI Corps.   Later that fall, Steinwehrs division moved south to join the army outside Fredericksburg, but played no role in the battle.   The following February, following Major General Joseph Hookers ascent to lead the army, Sigel left XI Corps and was replaced by Major General Oliver O. Howard. Returning to combat in May, Steinwehrs division and the rest of XI Corps were badly routed by Jackson during the Battle of Chancellorsville.   Despite this, Steinwehrs personal performance was commended by his fellow Union officers.   As Lee moved north invade Pennsylvania in June, XI Corps followed in pursuit.   Arriving at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1, Howard directed Steinwehrs division to remain in reserve on Cemetery Hill while he deployed the rest of the corps north of town in support of the late  Major General John F. Reynolds I Corps.   Later in the day, XI Corps collapsed under Confederate assaults leading the entire Union line to fall back on Steinwehrs position.   The next day, Steinwehrs men aided in repelling enemy attacks against East Cemetery Hill.    Adolph von Steinwehr- In the West: Late that September, the bulk of XI Corps along with elements of XII Corps, received orders to shift west to Tennessee.   Led by Hooker, this combined force moved to relieve the besieged Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga.   On October 28-29, Steinwehrs men fought well in the Union victory at the Battle of Wauhatchie.   The following month, one of his brigades, led by Colonel Adolphus Buschbeck, supported Major General William T. Sherman during the Battle of Chattanooga.   Retaining leadership of his division through the winter, Steinwehr was dismayed when XI Corps and XII Corps were combined in April 1864.   As part of this reorganization, he lost his command as the two formations were consolidated.   Offered command of a brigade, Steinwehr refused to accept a tacit demotion and instead spent the rest of the war in staff and garrison posts. Adolph von Steinwehr - Later Life: Leaving the US Army on July 3, 1865, Steinwehr worked as a geographer before accepting a teaching post at Yale University.   A gifted cartographer, he produced a variety of maps and atlases over the next several years as well as authored numerous books.   Moving between Washington and Cincinnati later in his life, Steinwehr died at Buffalo on February 25, 1877.   His remains were interred at Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, NY.               Selected Sources Find a Grave: Adolph von SteinwehrOfficial Records: Adolph von Steinwehr

Scorpionflies and Hangingflies, Order Mecoptera

Scorpionflies and Hangingflies, Order Mecoptera The order Mecoptera is a truly ancient group of insects, with a fossil record dating back to the early Permian period. The name Mecoptera derives from the Greek mecos, meaning long, and pteron, meaning wing. Scorpionflies and hangingflies are uncommon, though you can find them if you know where and when to look. Description: The scorpionflies and hangingflies range from small to medium in size (species vary from 3-30mm long). The scorpionfly body is usually slender and cylindrical in shape, with a head that extends into a pronounced beak (or rostrum). Scorpionflies have prominent, round eyes, filiform antennae, and chewing mouthparts. Their legs are long and thin. As you probably guessed from the etymology of the word Mecoptera, scorpionflies do indeed have long wings, relative to their bodies. In this order, the front and hind wings are roughly equal in size, shape, and venation, and all are membranous. Despite their common name, scorpionflies are entirely harmless. The nickname refers to the odd shape of the male genitalia in some species. Their genital segments, located at the end of the abdomen, curve upward like the sting of a scorpion does. Scorpionflies cannot sting, nor are they venomous. Scorpionflies and hangingflies undergo complete metamorphosis, and are some of the most ancient insects known to do so. Scorpionfly eggs actually expand as the embryo develops, which is quite an unusual trait in an egg of any organism. The larvae are most often thought to be saprophagous, though some may be herbivorous. Scorpionfly larvae develop quickly, but have an extended prepupal stage of one month to several months long. They pupate in the soil. Habitat and Distribution: Scorpionflies and hangingflies generally prefer moist, wooded habitats, most often in temperate or subtropical climates. Adult scorpionflies are omnivorous, feeding both on decaying vegetation and dead or dying insects. Worldwide, the order Mecoptera numbers about 600 species, divided among 9 families. Just 85 species inhabit North America. Families in the Order: Note: Only the first five families in the list below are represented by extant North American species. The remaining four families are not found in North America. Panorpidae – common scorpionfliesBittacidae - hangingfliesPanorpodidae – short-faced scorpionfliesMeropeidae - earwigfliesBoreidae – snow scorpionfliesApteropanorpidaeChoristidaeEomeropidaeNannochoristidae Families and Genera of Interest: Just a single species is known from the family Apteropanorpidae. Apteropanorpa tasmanica inhabits mosses in Tasmania, an island state off the mainland of Australia.Hangingflies (family Bittacidae) resemble crane flies, but they are unable to stand upright on surfaces as crane flies can. Instead, the predaceous adults hang from stems or leaves by their front legs, and grab insect prey with their raptorial hind legs.Use a Malaise trap to catch specimens of Merope tuber, the only North American species of earwigfly.Dont handle snow scorpionflies (family Boreidae)! Theyre so well adapted to cold climates, the warmth of your hand can kill them. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Norman F. Johnson and Charles A. Triplehorn.Mecoptera, by Dr. John Meyer, North Carolina State University. Accessed December 26, 2012.Family Dinopanorpidae, Bugguide.net. Accessed December 26, 2012.Gordons Mecoptera Page, Gordon Ramel. Accessed December 26, 2012.World Checklist of Extant Mecoptera Species, California Academy of Sciences. Accessed December 26, 2012.

Performance Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Management Master - Essay Example The performance of an individual should be assessed after a regular interval so that the desired behavior could be maintained. This will also help the organization to satisfy the needs and the aspirations of the individual by providing him more facilities, improved working conditions and career advancement. We differ in our abilities as judges, largely because of differences in rules of judgement. No only do we judge one another but we are sensitive to the fact that others are always judging us (Ahuja, 2005, p.120). We are aware that our acceptability to others can be strongly affected by our ability to sense correctly what others think of us. The fundamental human experience of appraisal action feed - back, and reappraisal also conditions the behavior of individuals within the organization. In simple words, performance management is a systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development. Performance management is concerned with determining the differences of performance among the employees working in the organization. One important benefit of the Performance evaluation system is that it helps top management to make further judgements about the executives who judge others. The top management can get a sense from the various performance appraisals, about the various departments of the organization and also the need of executive development in the years to come. Performance management helps the supervisors to evaluate the performance and to know the potentials of their subordinates systematically and periodically. (Yvonne, 1999, p.124) Following are the benefits of performance management: (a) It helps in the correct placement of workers. (b) Performance management helps in guiding and correcting employees. (c) It helps the employees to know where they stand and consequently they try to improve their performance. (d) The performance management helps to find out the ability of the personnel. This will stimulate them to better their performance in a bid to improve their rating over others. (e) Performance management helps in designing the training programme in better way. (f) The performance management if done scientifically and systematically will prevent grievances and develop a sense of confidence

Current Even Topic on the Current USA Market & How it May Affect Term Paper

Current Even Topic on the Current USA Market & How it May Affect Students & Other Cultures Around the World - Term Paper Example Students typically enjoyed the use of new and innovative products and participated in the new revolution which has revolutionized the world. What is critical about these technological innovations is the fact that they have radically changed the culture of not only US but of other countries also. By redefining the way personal computers and internet is used, Steve Jobs was able to drastically change the way we now interact with the technology. Such an unprecedented achievement therefore requires special attention and treatment because the loss of Steve Jobs is not only the loss of a visionary business leader but also of a great personality who have propelled the society in an entirely new direction. This paper will therefore discuss the news of Steve Jobs Death and how this death might have an impact on the students as well as other cultures of the world. Steve Jobs- a Brief Introduction Steve Jobs was born on 24th Feb 1955 in San Francisco, California and died on 5th Oct 2011 after h is long battle with cancer. He was the chief executive officer and co-founder of American company Apple Inc. He along with Steve Woznaik successfully developed and marketed one of the earliest commercially produced brands of personal computers. They were both also behind the invention of the graphical user interface for the operating system to be run on any personal computer besides developing a device called Mouse for clicking the GUI icons. Steve Jobs however shot to the fame when he re-took the charge of Apple Computers and completely revamped and revived what was a dying company. His business style was considered as that of a perfectionist because he always wanted his firm and products to be at the forefront of the competition. It was this quest for perfection which has ultimately resulted into the development of some of the best products in the market. (POTTER, CURRY and JAMES) Most notable products of Apple include a portable music and video player with the name of IPOD which could not only play the music on the go but can also play videos. His second most notable innovation and product development was the creation of a smart phone with the name of Apple IPHONE. This smart phone became an overnight sensation as based on touch screen technology; this phone has been sold in millions. Lastly, Apple’s major product rolled out was a touch screen tablet computer with the name of Apple IPAD. Steve Jobs’s death and impact on students and other cultures One of the key features of these products is based on the fact that these products have related allowed the freedom to the young students and consumers. The music, videos and internet surfing on the go has allowed a much needed freedom to everyone because it has made people to shy away from the use of desktop computers and use mobile computers and devices. Due to this change a relatively new breed of consumers emerged – mostly students- which found a new level of freedom. Traditionally music o r videos could be listened to or seen while using a desktop PC or other audio and video devices however, the rolling out of the Apple IPOD has traditionally changed the way we used to listen to music or videos. Apart from this, these products were relatively cheaper and came with different varieties thus adding to the overall choice of the students. These products were designed in such a manner that they allowed almost everyone with

Media, Information and Societal Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media, Information and Societal Problems - Essay Example They manipulate the sources of information in a manner that suits their purpose. This way, only ideas that are allowed to prosper are the ones that the ruling class wants the masses to have. Amongst them one is the concept that social classes are natural and cannot be changed. The main cause of most social problems arises when people are led to act in a manner that is against their will, just so they can conform to the societal standards. Classes and Societal Problems Firstly, this concept of the lower-class cannot reach beyond their material means can actually have dramatic impact on their performance due to self-fulfilling prophecy. This also means if people belonging to lower stratum of the society are led to believe that they cannot achieve more actually may not achieve more if the concept is forced onto them (Ornstein & Levine 11). This I believe is very detrimental to growth of the society. Secondly the damage to intellectual thought and idea generation I believe, is the main p roblem caused by the â€Å"hegemony† proposed by Gramsci: if thought and ideas are trapped and left to conform to societal standards that serve only the affluent, there would not be any progress. ... This way we end up incurring a great deal of cost which then appears to be necessary. It is hegemony because the producers would not just let us buy the product we actually need. This blind following of the popular opinion leads the masses to do acts that are against their will. Practically the proletariat follows the ideology propagated by the bourgeois; they incur unnecessary expenses push themselves into debt just to meet the social pretences that have been laid out by the prevalent ideology. So in an attempt to serve societal interests the masses are actually damaging their own interests. An example would be that it was perceived that masses should have significant cash in deposits for their future needs, perhaps investments were high risk. So the US banks had a huge influx of deposits. On the surface it appears that banks would be happy with the investments, but managing such huge deposits also means they would be required to pay interests on them. So eventually some banks chose to charge fees on accounts that had large deposits. This way it was the end-consumer who had to pay the price. Role of Media One of the key distinctions of mass media from other forms of media is its ability to address a large number of people at the same time. Media is the mouth piece of the society; it is supposed to express popular public opinion. However in light of Marxist Capitalist economy, the media is controlled by the upper classes that use it to serve their interests. Media play a key role in shaping the perceptions of the society; they do this by means of advertising and programming. Both advertising and programming serve as a means of creating hegemony. This is

Read the requirement carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Read the requirement carefully - Essay Example In this regard, leadership plays a pivotal part for the organisations in order to efficiently structure and establish strong control mechanism in accordance with the competitive nature of the business environment (Simons, 1990). The concept of leadership can be termed as the notion of competence which tends to influence a group of individuals for the accomplishment of organizational vision and enable to obtain stipulated business goals. The adequate competence of innovation and creativity within the leadership approach has been found to play a decisive part for the organisations in order to obtain competitive advantage in the rapidly increasing pace of modern business environment (Schroeder, 2012). ... Additionally, the report would also analyse different leadership styles along with theories and evaluate their potential impact in innovation and creativity in a global perspective. Brief Overview of Innovation and Creativity in an Organisation Innovation The concept of innovation can be considered as one of the major and effective attributes of the modern market leaders which enable them to build an exceptional impression of efficiently managing and controlling their respective organisational operations effectively. It can also be defined as an effective practice which tends to bring adequate competencies for the leaders for appropriately conducting different pioneering activities for attaining desired business objectives. It is worth mentioning that the innovative managing process enables the leaders to efficiently manage different organisational functions along with facilitating them to increase the potential of each individual towards their assigned roles and responsibilities. Th e practice further enables the organisations to accentuate much upon the scope of innovation in product, process along with decisions that eventually leads towards enhancing the productivity and the quality of organisational offerings. In this similar context, continuous innovation towards improving the productivity and quality of product/service can largely facilitate an organisation to gain superior competitive position in this competitive landscape (Amabile, 1996). Creativity Creativity can also be regarded as a major attribute for the organisations which aids in performing effective management practices leading towards increased motivation along with augmented resource and interaction capabilities. The concept of creativity ensures to provide

Campaign rhetoric Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Campaign rhetoric - Coursework Example It cuts across various age brackets but the young generation is at greater risk of extinction from the vice. The private-public partnership has innovated various ways of sensitizing the society against the problem. In the poster below, the timeline of a smoker is measured against the length of time one smoked. In essence, the poster offers an intriguing scenario where victims of smoke apparently reduce their life span by estimated 14 minutes for every cigarette stick. This poster is relevant in the college set up where it serves to address the rising trend of young people smoking. Besides, the female victims face even a greater risk due to their reproductive role. The mode of presentation of this message constitute visual picture and text message which seek to assert the health related risk of continuous smoking. The campaign offers an insight into the relevance of rhetoric tools when it comes to creation of posters. Media always applies such techniques to enhance the conveyance of the message and yield significant response. (http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/20170961/disp/df7b4174062b5f5a9b4ff91e6d84ad05.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.behance.net/gallery/2679779/Anti-Smoking-Campaign&h=400&w=600&tbnid=H5OXbx8KHqOIVM:&zoom=1&docid=_s6R0tGQjuQxaM&ei=Lbu9VKyEJ8HR7Qb5-YAo&tbm=isch&ved=0CDkQMygCMAI) The poster has a wide scope of rhetoric elements. In the first instance, the picture of a smoke makes it obvious that the problem under consideration is cigarette smoking. The measurement labeled against the sides of the cigarette conveys a message of how smoking gradually reduces the life of the victim. Basically the communicator is an expert in all facts surrounding smoking in the society. The audience targeted in this poster is the young people who still have more years of productivity if only they can shun smoking. The target audience is clearly evident in the message that accompanies the

Case Analysis of 'Genetic Screening' Assignment

Case Analysis of 'Genetic Screening' - Assignment Example Excessive use of chemicals caused this haemolytic anaemia. On the other hand, the cost of health insurance was also increasing. Therefore, the employees were demanding to avail a smoke-free workplace environment. Looking into this matter, the employers tried to provide routine medical screening, drug testing and smoke-free environment facilities. (B) Several critics of DuPont stated that the genetic testing allowed the organisation to transfer the workers, but it was necessary to clean up the workplace environment. It is the major solution to the problems. Nobody can work at zero emission. The organisation had to ensure the health and safety workplace aspect. However, it is not right to relocate the employees. The organization should take care of all the employees and should provide routine medical check-up to all the employees. (C) The organisation did not take any initiative to clean up the workplace environment. Moreover, it was relocating its affected employees to the smoke-free areas. First and foremost, the organisation had to solve the basic problem. Then they had to think about the good health of the employees. The organisation did nothing regarding these two aspects. Therefore, development of law was required in order to restrict it. Question 2 This question will discuss some moral aspects. ... It is their basic right (Cherrie, Howie & Semple 2011, p.51). It is the right of the employees to file legal complaints against the management of the organisation. (B) The outcome is quite serious or critical. The employees were suffering from haemolytic anaemia. According to utilitarianism theory, the organisations should provide a hazard-free working environment to the employees (Collins & Schneid 2010, p. 39). The management of the organisation needed to review the safety aspect of the workplace environment right after the incident, but they relocated their affected employees. (C) The organisation did not take care of all the employees. It has proposed genetic screening but not for all the employees. It is illegal. Attaining a safe workplace environment is the basic right of the employees. Moreover, the organisation did not compensate the affected employees or rectify the basic workplace challenges or issues (Spellman & Bieber 2011, p.87). There is a possibility for the organisati on to face legal challenges based on unethical business operations. Question 3 There are specific moral obligations for the employer that DuPont needs to assume in this case. The operation of various chemical factories such as the dynamite factory involves the emission of chemicals in the environment where the workers work in the hours of operation. Apart from the motives of earning revenues from the business, the employers also have the moral responsibility of safeguarding the health of their workers engaged in the operational work. These are business ethics and social responsibilities of the employer that fulfils the moral obligations involved in the course of work. Apart from paying monthly wages to the

Campaign rhetoric Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Campaign rhetoric - Coursework Example It cuts across various age brackets but the young generation is at greater risk of extinction from the vice. The private-public partnership has innovated various ways of sensitizing the society against the problem. In the poster below, the timeline of a smoker is measured against the length of time one smoked. In essence, the poster offers an intriguing scenario where victims of smoke apparently reduce their life span by estimated 14 minutes for every cigarette stick. This poster is relevant in the college set up where it serves to address the rising trend of young people smoking. Besides, the female victims face even a greater risk due to their reproductive role. The mode of presentation of this message constitute visual picture and text message which seek to assert the health related risk of continuous smoking. The campaign offers an insight into the relevance of rhetoric tools when it comes to creation of posters. Media always applies such techniques to enhance the conveyance of the message and yield significant response. (http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/20170961/disp/df7b4174062b5f5a9b4ff91e6d84ad05.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.behance.net/gallery/2679779/Anti-Smoking-Campaign&h=400&w=600&tbnid=H5OXbx8KHqOIVM:&zoom=1&docid=_s6R0tGQjuQxaM&ei=Lbu9VKyEJ8HR7Qb5-YAo&tbm=isch&ved=0CDkQMygCMAI) The poster has a wide scope of rhetoric elements. In the first instance, the picture of a smoke makes it obvious that the problem under consideration is cigarette smoking. The measurement labeled against the sides of the cigarette conveys a message of how smoking gradually reduces the life of the victim. Basically the communicator is an expert in all facts surrounding smoking in the society. The audience targeted in this poster is the young people who still have more years of productivity if only they can shun smoking. The target audience is clearly evident in the message that accompanies the

Public Art Essay Example for Free

Public Art Essay The core exhibition will be based on the work of two chosen photographers due to the inability to investigate a larger number , this is because they are too many and wide spread that an attempt to look at all of them would be almost impossible , costly and time consuming. The programme will show the various works done by the photographer including digital arts, video installations all put together to give an in depth study of the history and success of the photographers The aim of the project is to explore the potential of new media, on-line technology, virtual reality/ interactive projects to provide new means of investigations on the same. To appreciate the works of the two photographers we will compare and contrast the much that they have brought to the field, what they still have to bring and the influence and education they have had on different individuals and areas of interaction. The two photographers to be investigated are Patrick Renschen and Russ Rosener. The work of Renschen is most inspirational and does not only touch on the basic art but has an in-depth meaning which one needs to be keen enough to grasp the whole idea behind the same and also be able to appreciate that such work could be so educative. The work of this particular photographer was one of a kind since it didn’t involve a norm or a routine which would be followed day in day out rather he tried to make it very exciting by carrying out researches on how to improve it and make it more satisfying to both him and his assistants. His aim was as well very clear in that he wanted not just to be the best but the only one in the field of engagement who could be counted on and relied on. He also ensured connecting them up electronically in all the archives, also documenting and publishing the work which is now held in regional, national and international museum collections and university centers, and to ensure wide accessibility to international and domestic audiences. The photographer had an exhibition that had all the history and development of the installation, and the critical legacy left in terms of the influence on contemporary sculpture, environmental art, and architecture to name but a few. He had presentations of all the original photographs, drawings, sketches, correspondence, and even written descriptions of every detail that he undertook, it also had all the interpretations by curators and art critics such John Elderfield and Fred Brookes. The photographer also was keen to display new commissioned documentation by leading artists/photographers. He traced the evolution using interactive digital projects he also used digital animation and 3D articulation of the key design and sculptural elements just to ensure perfection and accuracy was maintained throughout the whole exercise. The photographer also employed lots of subordinate staff to help in the completion of his work. A commission for a photographer/artist to generate new visual images for the exhibition based on the environmental and architectural aspects alongside a detailed study of the same, and the art works locations associated with him. Possible portraiture commission, to photograph people associated with the photographer this was for the record and for future references and evidence of their participation and also a way of making them feel appreciated. He worked hard to ensure that he was always on site despite his tight schedule but since at times he was faced with some unavoidable circumstances, he was not left out in having planned in advance for such emergencies, in his absence work went on just as usual since there was a commission of artists and photographers to produce a new body of work based on the idea that his absence was a test on their accountability and reliability. The photographer would even incorporate fresh blood and brain from schools and colleges by involving students to participate in the same using existing archives and sketches. Production of a set of 3D architectural models, drawings and projections documenting the findings and proposing hypothetical outcome. The photographer had interactive architectural and digital arts research and their restoration project possibly organized to collaborate well with the agenda in question. This brought together many architects artists and IT engineers to construct an interactive virtual representation , tracing its iconography and evolution from conception through the various stages of the construction and design. The photographer used on line chat room and interactive website/3D virtual, allowing scholars, artists and researchers from different countries to contribute their views and suggestions as he believed in being dynamic. He believed in the use of new technology to visualize and construct alternative on line solutions to problems encountered in his work. Unlike Patrick Renschen, Russ Rosener, another world renowned photographer had a whole different approach to the same photography both as a career and as an interactive kind of work. He is so different from other photographers in that he has not specialized in only one area of photography and he has a diverse range of areas where he features. He covers a wide range of activities which he says gives him better exposure and satisfaction as there is no word as boredom which many photographers tend to suffer from. He has much of his corporate work covering international assignments and duties such as annual reports, portraiture, advertising and social responsibility programmes. Whether he is all alone or leading a group of individuals he can be relied on by a company that minds the global competitiveness in the field for his experience and enthusiastic nature, he is also very flexible and his approach to his job is not static rather depends on the situation and content. He is able to ensure that his clients can rely on him to be able to deliver high quality material and best results which is easy for anyone to access and even use across print, present and web based media they are also able to represent their company to a very high professional standard due to the high competition facing them thus requiring one to have a competitive advantage over the others. (Rosenblum, Naomi) As a photographer he is able to maintain both quality and confidentiality in his work and in this very dynamic sector thus ensuring client loyalty and repeat buying by same customers instead of finding new people altogether which is a costly and hard situation to gain. Being involved in social responsibility has only brought more demand to this photographer especially lately when most companies have embraced social responsibility as a requirement for the success and continuity of the companies; this is because they need credible pictures for the accurate representation of challenges and achievements associated with the whole project. The photographer says that his is not acquired kind of skill rather it is a born kind of art and assures anyone that for the best results and sure win he is the answer. He does most of his work as it presents itself to him and he does not have to go out there trying to be original by conducting research and even reading more and he has still managed to be a world well renowned photographer who can be counted among famous photographers. This could be due to the fact that he is so original and very clear compared to other photographers and he has maintained this all along without foregoing the quality for quantity when the work is too much, he is a slow but sure themed person who believes in quality and creating of trust in all his clients. The two photographers are quite controversial in that one is very resourceful and researchful while the other just sits and handles a situation as it presents itself to him and depending on what the clients wants as final results. All the same they don’t lack some similarities in that they are both result oriented and care about the quality of results that they deliver to their customers and fans as this is very important if they are to continue in business without losing it to competitors. The photographers have proved to be very reliable and for that they have gotten a lot of attention from both domestic and international markets and companies. Though the work of photography presents itself as full of fun and excitement all the time the two have cordially agreed that it also has its weak areas and also has a percent of boredom though they try as much as possible to keep on the fire and make the work the best they can. Generally photography can be seen as a very demanding area of undertaking due to its dynamic nature which makes it very unpredictable especially with the improvement in technology which happens almost on a daily basis and which they have to keep track of lest they become outdated and overcome by events. It is very important in the modern day and age and is require by every company and individual for the smooth running of the day to day activities. This area of photography is particularly very exciting and interesting since it involves mostly outdoor activities which is a good idea for lovers of site seeing and appreciating nature and what it has to offer. Where it takes place indoors its all the same quite interesting since its all flashy and all smiles especially for celebrities, fashion and models as one sees newest designs and shapes of different attires and poses for use elsewhere. This is especially so interesting to me since I love reading fashion magazines which contain a lot of photographers work and I get to appreciate every bit of it. In addition we should not forget the fact that the photographers have brought a lot of harmony to many different communities of the world at large through the theme contained in their works of art and for that we should not fail to appreciate their work even more. The photographer like any other person needs encouragement and the feeling of actualization and this is only possible if lots of his work is bought at a high rate and he gets more calls for the same.(Rosenblum, Naomi) The photographers have tried to a very large extent to encourage artistic growth and photography development to ensure that its not only them who stand to benefit but that generations to come will also appreciate and adopt what these great men and women of our land will have done and left behind for all to see. Many of these artists and photographers in particular have already started colleges and learning institutions where they are passing on the knowledge to other interested parties for the continuity, growth and development of this most dynamic field of photography. Photography has really gone to a whole new level altogether this due to the competition that the photographers are giving each other and no one wants to be ruled out of the market and so everyone is doing all they can to emerge as the best and most demanded. A good example is like the move that photographers like Marcus have taken by coming up with photographs that document the history and development of say a certain state and put it in his work of art, this is so essential because most people generally hate the aspect of learning but since this will present itself as having fun and studying some work of art, more people will be attracted to the same and this provides a chance for the to learn about the places they stay in and therefore appreciate how far they have come and where they are headed. We can therefore all accept that all photographers have done much to achieve greater things and heights at both individual, national and international level and so we cant let them go unnoticed and it’s the duty of each one of us to ensure that the photographers and other artists grow to the greatest heights by supporting them in they work. Finally is to all artists out there both the well known and who have the basis and those who are just starting the work and realizing their talent to keep up their work and even go the extra mile to give us more that we have not yet seen  and are eagerly waiting for that and more. Thesis statement The photographers have a bright future ahead if they keep up with the pace and ensure that research and technology development is top on their agenda. Sources 1.Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of Photography. 3rd edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 1997. 2.Johnson, William. Nineteenth-century Photography: An Annotated Bibliography, 1839-1879. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1990. 3.Roosens, Laurent, and Luc Salu. History of Photography: A Bibliography of Books. London: Mansell, 1989. 4.Rosenblum, Naomi. History of Women Photographers. Updated and Expanded Edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 2000.

The role of violence in prostitution

The role of violence in prostitution This essay will discuss the theories that exist behind this statement and will look beyond the notion that prostitution involves violence to the prostitute herself (which often it does). There are differing views on this statement which usually depend on which philosophical theory is being put forward. Radical feminists as a whole support the view that prostitution is sexual violence for the reasons discussed below. Radical feminists view prostitution as a form of male dominance and exploitation over women and which reinforces the existing patriarchal order of society. They think that prostitution has a very negative and detrimental effect both on the prostitutes themselves and on the whole of society because stereotypical views of women are reinforced when they are viewed as sexual objects which exist for the amusement and delectation of men. The main objection to prostitution by feminists is the male dominance angle, whereby the man who buys the woman has sex with her, but it is not an enjoyable experience and she is forced to try and dissociate herself from the man. In this way she is a mere object of pleasure for the man and the sex act is not given on an equal or mutual basis. The woman is thus reduced to a conduit for the mans gratification. These feminists believe that many clients use the services of a prostitute because they derive satisfaction from the power trip and the control they exercise over the woman during the sex encounter. Catharine MacKinnon thinks that prostitution isnt sex only, its you do what I say, sex.  [1]   Prostitution is seen as a product of the patriarchal societal order in which men are superior to women and where the gender inequality is present in all walks of life. Such views consider that prostitution perpetuates the notion that women can be bought and sold like a commodity, providing sexual services for the sole purpose of satisfying men. Feminists are very critical of the patriarchal ideology which has justified prostitution throughout time. This ideology sees prostitution as a necessary evil with men unable to control their desires and so it is necessary for a small number of women to sacrifice their life and be used and abused by men in order that the majority can be protected from rape and abuse. Here prostitution is seen as form of slavery. These feminists argue that in fact prostitution does not reduce the incidents of rape but in fact it leads to a noticeable increase in sexual violence against women by letting men think it is perfectly acceptable to treat a woman as a s exual repository over which they have ultimate control. In Nevada, the only American state which permits legal brothels, Melissa Farley argues that the states high rape rate is directly connected to legal prostitution.  [2]  Nevada ranks fourth out of the fifty states for sexual assault crimes and its rape rate is higher than the American average. Given that brothels are legal in Nevada one would expect that it would be at the bottom end of the scale in the number of such crimes. Farley argues that legal prostitution creates an environment where women are not humans equal to men and are thus disrespected by men which in turn leads to increased violence against women. Feminists argue that prostitution is detrimental to society and that when society accepts it, the message is sent that it is irrelevant how the woman feels during sex. Some countries are addressing the undesirability of prostitution and in 1999 Sweden became the first country to make paying for sex a crime although being a prostitute was not criminalised. Other countries including Norway and Iceland followed Swedens lead in 1999. These laws reinforce the views of feminists who in their opposition to prostitution also conclude that it is not a practice which can be made safe by reformation and thus they criticise any harm reduction approach. One former Canadian prostitute, Trisha Baptie now campaigns to outlaw the buying of sexual favours and she has said that Harm reduction? You cant make prostitution safer; prostitution is violence in itself. It is rape, the money only appeases mens guilt.  [3]  In this view although the prostitute is seen to be consenting to sex, her acquiescen ce is not freely given and the payment just makes the man think that he has not committed rape because the woman has received a financial benefit. These so called radical feminists see prostitution as a form of violence against women and are adamant that it should be made illegal as in Sweden. These feminists are particularly scathing of another feminist point of view which argues that prostitution should be legalised because it is here to stay. The radical feminists argue that rape and murder have also existed for numerous years and will continue to do so, but no one argues that rape and murder should be made legal. The radical feminists who campaign against the notion of legalising prostitution in order to control and regulate it thereby reducing its harmful effects compare this to the abhorrent notion of legalising domestic violence in order to control and reduce its harmful effects. Just as you cannot legislate to make domestic violence a little bit better the same applies to prostitution. This attitude evolves from their belief that prostitution is sexual violence and should be treated as such whereby it should be eradicat ed not controlled in their eyes. Another major objection to prostitution voiced by feminists is that in most cases a woman who enters into prostitution does not do so on the basis of a cold calculated decision because they are forced by a pimp or human trafficking, the latter being an example of enforced prostitution. Even where the decision is seemingly made voluntarily and rationally it often stems from chronic problems earlier in life. Such problems usually revolve around drug addiction, childhood sexual abuse and similar unsavoury circumstances. In other words, the feminist argument views the decision to become a prostitute as spawning and emanating directly from such earlier experiences and circumstances. If the consent is lacking then you end up with compliance at best. Capacity is vital in making an informed decision and according to one study the average age of children when they become prostitutes is twelve at which age they are not of sufficient age to consent to sex.  [4]  They see such women being dr iven into prostitution which means that sexual violence they may have experienced in childhood or adolescence is extended through their adult lives through prostitution. Feminists argue that most women enter prostitution against their own volition. Prostitutes are generally made up of women from the lower socio economic classes including poor and uneducated women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities MacKinnon 1993. MacKinnon also argues that In prostitution, women have sex with men thay would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not a measure of consent, It acts like physical force does in rape.  [5]   Some scholars of prostitution maintain that genuine consent in prostitution is not plausible. One has to search at great lengths through academic literature to find many authors who agree that authentic consent is possible or at least likely.  [6]   Trauma research has been criticized for its failure to attend to social attitudes and behaviors which cause trauma. One of Vanwesenbeecks (1994) respondents described prostitution as volunteer slavery, clearly articulating both the appearance of choice and the overwhelming coercion behind that choice. The extreme violence suffered by these respondents suggests that we can not view prostitution as a neutral activity or simply as a vocational choice. Instead, prostitution must be understood as sexual violence against women (Kemp, Rawlings, Green, 1991). The focus of attention is on changing a social system, which makes prostitution possible. An alternative view of prostitution emanates from the libertarian pro sex work perspective who oppose the radical feminists view that prostitution amounts to sexual violence whereby the sexual act occurs because of coercion exploitation and domination by men. Pro sex feminists argue that prostitution can be an affirmation by women that they have autonomy over their bodies. As such prostitution is an informed and genuinely free choice. Some prostitutes are high class call girls who are well educated and sophisticated women. They realise that at the upper end of the market there are huge sums of money to be made for seemingly very little effort. Pro-sex feminists argue that the selling of sexual favours need not be inherently exploitative and that and accordingly deny that it is sexual violence. Pro sex workers such as Carol Queen argue that the radical feminists who oppose prostitution and view it as sexual violence have failed to take into account the views and opinions of prostitutes themselves, preferring to rely in theory and obsolete experiences.  [7]   Pro sex feminists view the prostitute as being in control and that they in fact control the man as they set the price. Prostitution is seen by some as sexual violence which brings massive economic rewards for some involved. The sex industry, like any other worldwide enterprise, has numerous sectors based in various locations which are controlled by various managers and is expanding as the law and public opinion allow.  [8]   Whether or not one decides if prostitution is sexual violence depends on your view as to the reasons why women participate in prostitution. If prostitution is viewed as a legal form of rape then undoubtedly you will agree with the proposition. It can also be viewed as a form of emotional violence with prostitutes becoming emotionally battered. The radical feminists gender based view that prostitution is a form of male sexual violence against women does not address the fact that male prostitutes exist